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Hernanz et al., J Neuroimmunol 1996
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Differential effects of gastrin releasing peptide, neuropeptide Y , somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide on interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by whole blood cells from healthy young and old subjects
Kawamura et al., Neuroimmunomodulation 1998
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We investigated the effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) , calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), substance P ( SP ) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) by stimulating nonadherent splenocytes and helper T cell clones with antigens in vitro in the presence or absence of these peptides ... NPY greatly enhanced IL-4 production and inhibited IFN-gamma