Duffy et al., Biol Reprod 2003
:
When granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles were exposed to recombinant GDF-9 in culture, GDF-9 increased vascular endothelial growth factor levels in culture medium
Griner et al., Biochem Pharmacol 2013
(Neoplasm Invasiveness...) :
Exogenous stimulation of ovarian cancer cell lines with recombinant human GDF15 ( rhGDF15 ) or stable over-expression of a GDF15 expression plasmid promoted anchorage independent growth, increased invasion, and up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases ( MMPs ) and vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF )